In modern fossil-fuel power plants, the sulfur dioxide shall be removed from the exhaust flue gases before emitting to atmosphere. This is usually achieved by a process called flue-gas desulfurization(FGD) in a scrubber. In the wet scrubbing process, harsh corrosion may occur in the chimney of the scrubber through which flue gases flow. Concerning corrosion resistance, titanium clad steel plates are generally chosen for the construction of the internal cylinder of the chimney.

The power plant mentioned in above photo is located in the US with a capacity of 1000MW. Generally, the flue gas temperature in the chimney is around 49.2°C. The external cylinder is made of cement with a height of 233m. Its internal cylinder is made of titanium clad steel plates: base metal – ASTM A515 Gr.60 steel plates(thickness = 12 mm), clad metal – titanium grade 2 plates manufactured to ASTM B265(thickness = 1.2 mm).